Malcolm X Thesis Paper - 1376 Words

The history of the United States has in it much separation or segregation due to race. For a long time our country has seen racism as a large problem and this has caused ethnic groups to be looked down upon and forced into a lifestyle of difficulties and suppression. Due to this, races, particularly African-Americans, have been forced to deal with unequal opportunity and poverty, leading to less honorable ways of getting by and also organizations that support change. Malcolm X is one strong example of an African American man who became apart of a group acted against it, uniting people to promote the advancement of colored people and change. Malcolms thoughts towards race and civil right in the previous years were displayed in a less†¦show more content†¦His father was killed when six white men beat him to death because they did not like what his father was doing in his organization. This was the early stage in like in which Malcolms hatred of white people begins, and the dedication to help African Americans also started. I believe that the high point of Malcolms hatred for white people comes when the welfare agency declares his mother insane and institutionalizes her, causing his family to be split apart. Malcolm blames the welfare agency for splitting up his family for the rest of his life. Even when he moves in with a white foster family, he is taught at school that black people are seen as lazy and dumb and will never be completely successful in this society, no matter how smart or gifted they are. Malcolm begins to realize that all the white people surrounding him as constantly either indirectly or directly telling him that he does not belong in their world, and they would not let him in even if he was qualified, due to his color, and that was a popular thing for black role models in the 60s. At this point he knows he must leave this area and leaves his foster home to live with his sister in Boston. Although Malcolm finds work, they are dead end jobs and this leads him to have to earn money in less acceptable ways such as drugs, betting, and stealing. This is how many problems occur in poor communities today, due to the lack ofShow MoreRelatedThe Autobiography Of Malcolm X1701 Words   |  7 Pagesautobiography of Malcolm X. Malcolm X was one of the most controversial Men in American history. I’m familar with the name Malcolm X however, I’m not familliar with the works and background of Malcolm X. This is why I choose to read the autobiography of Malcolm X wr itten by himself and Alex Haley. Which gives the read an insight on his background, beliefs, and the American society then. I believe that many people including myself have misunderstood Malcolm X. I believe that Malcolm X is misunderstoodRead MoreEssay on Islam in America2519 Words   |  11 PagesHistorically there are have been myths, many attacks on Islam and much confusion between Islam as a religion and Middle Easter culture that is always associated with it. This paper is meant to dispel, or rather educate about the big issues that plague people’s minds with false ideas and this will only be touching the surface. Thesis Islam in America has historically been misunderstood, and this is due to the misconception of culture and religion as well as lack of education and incorrect portrayal inRead MoreMy High School Teacher : The Transition Into University Level Writing899 Words   |  4 Pagesaware of my weaknesses and improve on those weaknesses by avoiding a poor thesis, not following a structured format, engaging myself more deeply with the prompts, and going into more detail on certain topics. When I received my first prompt for the course, I felt confident about the essay that was chosen. I used to transition words, brief examples followed by an analysis to support my thesis. However when I received the paper back, I was disappointed with myself. My essay was full of colorful marksRead More Difficulty With Essays1164 Words   |  5 Pagesthoughts evoked by the story that was read or idea I came up with. When rereading what has been put down on paper or typed on the computer, it all of a sudden becomes unclear or out of focus as to what those written words have to do with the thesis or the story. The ideas somehow have nothing to do with what I was trying to convey. The frustration of what is in my head and what I want to put down on paper is intense. When taking my ideas to someone to run by them, again the ideas sound great andRead MorePersonal Evolution Is Vital If You Have Any Goals Essay1599 Words   |  7 Pagesbe able to determine who is and is not able to receive education. â€Å"As you can imagine, especially in a prison where there was heavy emphasis on rehabilitation, an inmate was smiled upon if he demonstrated an unusually intense interest in books† (Malcolm X 175). The better educated are rewarded by society. It helps you to be more confident about who you are. No one wants to be irrational. Rational thinkers, those who are educated, should be the only ones allowed to run the country to prevent evilsRead MoreHow Fast Bowlers Are Made Not Born2546 Words   |  11 Pagesresearch related to fast bowling has focused on biomechanics and back injury prevention and very limited work has been done with factors contributing to bowling speeds. This limited amount mainly consists of theoretical papers, which provi de a synthesis of arguments from different papers rather than using a dataset to deduce empirical evidence. The difficultly associated with conducting experiments with a small sample size (limited number of bowlers) and a small number of observations (few deliveriesRead MoreThe African-American Male Essay2580 Words   |  11 PagesThesis Statement: To examine societies contribution to the destruction of the urban African-American male, one must further explain the educational system, racism toward the African-American male, and male role models in society; in doing so it will interpret the meaning to Jawanza Kunjufu first volume: Countering the Conspiracy to Destroy Black Boys (2004). I. Educational System a. Lack of Information/ Dropouts b. Fourth Grade Syndrome c. Black Male Teachers II. RacismRead MoreWhat Is Black Art?1733 Words   |  7 Pagesgroup of politically motivated black poets, artists, dramatists, musicians, and writers who came out during the Black Power Movement. The poet Imamu Amiri Baraka is the father of the Black Arts Movement, which began in 1965 and ended in 1975. After Malcolm X was killed in 1965, people that was for the Black Power movement was either in the Revolutionary Nationalists or the Cultural Nationalists. Black artists wanted to create black art for black people to make Blacks aware of black consciousness andRead MoreEssay Writing9260 Words   |  38 Pagesdivided into the following parts: PART I: Types of Essays PART II: Developing a Thesis from a Topic PART III: Introductions PART IV: The Body Paragraphs PART V: The Rebuttal PART VI: The Conclusion PART VII: Writing an Exam Essay PART VIII: Stylistic Considerations PART IX: Sentence and Paragraph Structure PART X: Sample Essays PART XI: Using Quotations PART XII: Sample Essay Template PARTRead MoreSubway Restaurants Essays21330 Words   |  86 PagesThis section provides decisionmaking implications and recommendations for Subway management. The analysis formulates a key set of marketing strategies utilising promotional tactics in response to the data obtained. CBS 1 Geraldine Goopio, Malcolm Lau, Vanessa Macknay and Damien Todorovic Research Report – Taking the Subway CONTENTS RESEARCH FOCUS ................................................................................................................. 3 Problem Background....

Life Changing Events Can Change A Person s Perspective On...

My research reviled how life-changing events can play a significant role in how we lead people. This week’s research was an in-depth view of the movie â€Å"The Doctor†, (Ziskin and Haines, 1991). This movie depicted a highly skilled surgeon named Jack McKee, played by actor William Hurt who was completely devoted to his practice, (Ziskin and Haines, 1991). His world revolved around his profession, which negatively affected his family and life experiences beyond work. The movie captured the importance of relationships and how tragic events can change a person’s perspective on life. Jack McKee followed a transactional style of leading only concerned with himself and his practice, (Ziskin and Haines, 1991). After being stricken by illness; he experienced the other side of health care as a patient. He discovered the challenges of being a patient and soon realized that his position as a surgeon would not give him precedence over others requiring care, (Ziskin and Haines, 1991). He struggled with this role reversal several times throughout the movie. It was not until he meets June, a young woman suffering from a brain tumor that led him to change his ways, (Ziskin and Haines, 1991). He experienced the emotional rollercoaster that a patient will often experience after being diagnosed with a serious illness. As his relationship develop ed with June, he began to realize the importance of enjoying life and realizing how precious time really is, (Ziskin and Haines, 1991). After thisShow MoreRelatedBehavioral Decision Analysis And Intervention Design Essay1334 Words   |  6 PagesWe often, in our daily life, experienced a considerable number of social, political, and economic events in which our existing mental models are frequently updated through learning to adapt with changing scenarios and environments. Perhaps, we have intrinsic mechanism to adapt with all these events. As these issues are in common in our everyday life and fosters few questions: Why people donate money to raise funds for the public goods, e.g., public park and services when they don’t have to do soRead MoreThe, Nature Or Nurture? Essay1402 Words   |  6 Pagesusually resemble their parents’ features and that is due to inherent genes. There is no specific gene that gives a person their personality. Babies are born with different temperaments and people often mistake that with their true personality. Personality is a lifelong process that is constantly changing due to new situations and experiences and because of this, there is no way that a person will be the same when he is 3 than when he is 33. â€Å"You can’t prejudge anyone at birth. No matter what genetic backgroundRead MoreThe Importance of Knowledge1241 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"That which is accepted as knowledge today is sometimes discarded tomorrow.† Knowledge is regarded by many as the ultimate truth and is constantly sought after in all forms. Knowledge, however, does not remain constant and is always changing as people come to learn new and different things about the knowledge and attempt to make sense of it. These many differing theories and interpretations are what cause confusion and differences in a persons beliefs and therefore knowledge. This is why it isRead MorePaul s Theory Of Paul1547 Words   |  7 Pageshe couldn’t see without them. But even though Paul can see fine without them. Paul, unfortunately, deals with this on a day to day basis. We discover who Paul is and how significant events changed him. Paul also experiences switching schools. We see how Paul sees the world and his perspective on certain events. In the beginning of â€Å"Tangerine,† Paul and his family move houses from Houston, Texas to Tangerine County, Florida. This is a big change for everyone in the family which means they all haveRead MoreA Journey Of Leadership, Transformational, And Authentic Leadership1480 Words   |  6 PagesA Journey of Leadership: Enable Others to Act, Transformational, and Authentic Leadership This paper takes a journey of one person’s struggle to acquire skills that during the course of his life reached the pentacle of sound footing in a career as Director of Materials and Management for a local Mining Company. A brief overview of the concepts of transformational and authentic leadership and motivation of enabling others to act, thru fostering collaboration, creating a climate of trust, and facilitatingRead MoreA Journey Of Leadership, Transformational, And Authentic Leadership1472 Words   |  6 PagesA Journey of leadership: Enable Others to Act, Transformational, and Authentic Leadership This paper takes a journey of one person’s struggle to acquire skills that during the course of his life reached the pentacle of sound footing in a career as Director of Materials and Management for a local Mining Company. A brief overview of the concepts of transformational and authentic leadership and motivation of enabling others to act, thru fostering collaboration, creating a climate of trust, and facilitatingRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagesconcluded in 1918, America entered a state of prosperity and luxury throughout the 1920’s. This significant accumulation of wealth marked the start of the Roaring 20’s, a time the American economy grew to be the most powerful worldwide but in which people began exploiting their earnings on excess materialism. F. Scott Fitzgerald’s famous novel, The Great Gatsby, accurately re-creates this time period yet criticizes the changes of societal attitudes and its values that occurred, making Fitzgerald the firstRead MoreCounseling Therapy729 Words   |  3 PagesThe main assumption of CBT is that events and situations in life do not cause emotional problems (e.g., guilt or depression); rather problems are due to irrational beliefs and perceptions about the situations (Corey, 2009). The goals of CBT focus on correcting the client’s automatic and self-defeating thoughts, which should ultimately help them to develop a more adaptive philosophy of life (Corey, 2009). I like that this approach focuses on challenging and changing the client’s cognitive distortionsRead MoreMemory Is a Constructive and Dynamic System Rather Than a Passive Mechanism for Recording External Information. Evaluate This Claim, Making Reference to Research Findings.1497 Words   |  6 PagesBartlett, in the 1920’s. According to Bartlett, social factors influence one’s ability to remember, and in turn, can either change a person’s perception of a s pecific memory or distort the original memory. As opposed to the memory being a ‘passive mechanism’ which indicates that the brain can store data and facts which can later be recalled without distortion and remain as they were when they were first encoded. Bartlett suggests that a person’s interpretation of an event can be influenced by theirRead MoreThe Effect Of Chronic Stress1117 Words   |  5 PagesShare this article on Pinterest Expert Author Aneka Brunssen Stress is a common theme in my life. I have to admit that, for me, personally, it has become a chronic condition. Recently, I have finally made the step of realizing that stress is the evil dictator ruling a vicious cycle. A revolution is necessary: Stress is something we have all experienced at some point in our lives. From a biological perspective, stress is a phenomenon that occurs when we experience circumstances that disturb our physical

Working mothers Free Essays

string(88) " outside of the home, which allowed black women to become more active in the community\." Instead traditional feminism has always focused on white middle-class needs. Traditional values fall to recognize how women’s different identities such as race, class, and sexuality shape our views and beliefs about family and motherhood. Many believe that shared social issues such as women rights bring women together, but what many do not see are the different Identities such as class, race, and sexuality within gender, that can cause conflicting views. We will write a custom essay sample on Working mothers or any similar topic only for you Order Now The quote above by Joan Williams Is a testament In understanding how these deferent identities within women can become a delving factor In their beliefs. Specifically women’s beliefs and roles In the family are Influenced by their Individual Identities. These Intersections of identities play an important role in women’s beliefs on motherhood. Through the course readings I will show how the notions of motherhood changes through these different identities. Women’s participation in the labor, education, domestic duties as well as views on marital status and child rearing will show the division within women’s notions of motherhood. America underwent a change in 1945 that had never been seen before. Despite representation there was a conflict from WI in the ass’. There was a shift from reduction to consumption, where America was seen as ‘living the good life’. By 1960 America’s Income had Increased, and by the end of the decade Americans were moving up In prosperity. What history falls to acknowledge are the women who feel disorientated and discontent. The ass’s and ass’s was also a time filled with anxiety and alienation. As Betty Friedman puts it there was a vague uneasiness’ that is the mark of this period. The sass’s was an odd period of time, where many social issues were taking place. Nevertheless women continued to enter the labor force, which suggested the growing antinomy for women after the war. In the 1 ass’s as Friedman suggest people were politically and culturally conservative, particularly regarding gender and family issues, which made exploring new opportunities difficult for women due to restrictive gender norms. Through the lives of middle-class white women Friedman uses labor force participation to show their beliefs of motherhood. The role of a housewife to some may seem simple, as If they have nothing to do but to take care of the children and domestic duties. But what many fall to see are that these women are well educated and hold traditional ideologies of the family in which women sacrifice ones fulfillment ender role expectations. Women’s behaviors and beliefs were in relation to men, which created a lack of fulfillment amongst women. Friedman argues these housewives needed competition and should make contributions to society. Friedman’s argues that middle-class white women needed to find something fulfilling in society to feel a since of purpose. To get away of what society tells them to do, and start living for what they would want to do. Surprisingly women’s actions did not reflect their beliefs. Though these women were educated enough to have careers but, many found it best eatable to become a housewife because it was the gender norm for women to stay at home and be the caregivers while men should become the breadwinners outside the home. These beliefs countered women’s fulfillment as a woman but filled their beliefs on motherhood. Friedman titles masculine ideologies of motherhood that creates feelings of emptiness as ‘The Feminine Mystique’. Its overpowering, hegemonic dynamic in the work place and in the homes, where men carry the power enforce gender roles. These women adopt the Feminine Mystique, for the purposes of appeasing to societies expectations, but Friedman clearly shows how the traditional views of others are not holding strong in these women’s beliefs. Women were becoming board and tired of being a housewife. This shows the view of motherhood for these women would be to have a more active part in the community, take care of the domestic duties and fulfill the husbands needs but their fear of going against men’s ideologies of motherhood keeps them confined. The intersecting identities of class, education status and gender played a role in how these women view their roles in the family. Becoming a stay at home mom may have not always been by choice but by sacrifice. Gender roles have proven to be influential on women’s beliefs on others. Despite Friedman pushing for women to become contributing factors in society, Bart Laundry in â€Å"Black Working Wives† offers a counterpoint to the norms of white middle- class families. Black women are usually excluded from white framework of motherhood. He incorporates race unlike Friedman as a contributing identity that shapes black middle-class women’s notions of motherhood. Participants were black middle-class two parent families. The black women in these families took care of domestic duties, cared for the children and had an active part in the community, which allowed black women more freedom. Black women in most cases did not have the option of staying home. They pursued careers outside the home because they believed a true woman’ could do both. The notion of mother hood was achievement in both public and private spears. The black community held a different standard then their white counterparts. The black community appreciated women’s intelligence and their independence. Women’s in Friedman’s book looked to their husbands for the decision making rather then formatting and expressing their own views. There is a big divide in how women in Friedman’s reading and Landers book viewed womanhood partially due to the racial preference and also because of class. For white families you could be middle-class solely on the husband’s income. Black families did not share the same experience, to Laundry challenges domesticity as she focuses on African American women. Looking at black families we can see a transition of the traditional family to a more radical modern family. The male ideologies of motherhood were also different as unlike there white counterparts black husbands had the expectation for their wife’s to work outside of the home, which allowed black women to become more active in the community. You read "Working mothers" in category "Papers" The egalitarian mindset of black families combined the public and irate spear. Working outside of the home gave black women more respect inside of the home. Race has played a significant difference in expectations of working wives. Black women did more because there family needed both incomes to be middle class. They face more criticism in the work place and carry the burden of isolation from the male counterparts coming home from an oppressed workplace. On the other hand white women stayed at home because they had stronger beliefs in ideologies. Catering to the household and their husbands were put over their own needs. Women in both readings lacked fulfillment. Men shared unequal responsibilities in doing housework, which is an issue that has been solved. The power dynamic of who is responsible for the domestic duties, stems from male ideologies. Men in both readings are the primary breadwinners therefore lack the obligating in helping with domestic duties. Friedman and Laundry take on two different perspectives on motherhood. While Friedman is pushing women to become active contributors in their communities Laundry is showing how black women have been working for year to support their families. Here we can see how identities such as class and race can create a division amongst gender and also shape beliefs on motherhood. Women who participate in labor both inside and outside of the home have contradicting beliefs on motherhood. In Mary Blair-Loss book â€Å"Competing Devotions† she looks at how women in both spears view labor and family schemas. Work devoted women in the reading were well education and help high power position Jobs. They worked full time which became time demanding and had to sacrifice their extracurricular time for work. They felt their Job was important and more like dynamic work. Women wanted to become more economically independent from men UT at the same time their high-end Jobs meant working long hours, which left them tired and facing discrimination from male dominance in the work place. Women felt that they were providing a better life for themselves and their children. Their beliefs of motherhood was not to fulfill domestic duties like cleaning and cooking every day but to provide the economic needs for their children so they would always have what they needed. The family devoted women sought marriage and child rearing as their primary devotion. Some women worked part time but still took care of the domestic duties. Families believed their roles to be biologically destined, where men should work full time outside the home. Family devoted mother criticized work devoted mother for not spending more time with their family and work devoted women criticized stay at home mothers by saying they are lacking fulfillment and depended on men. Like the women in Friedman’s reading these women held a more traditional view of womanhood. Like all mothers both schemas came with their sacrifices, which they people for support and shunned the opposite schema. The notions of motherhood aligned with the schema these women adopted. It is interesting to see the role education played in choosing which schema to adopt. Women’s views on motherhood relied not only schemas but also their beliefs on marriage. Kathleen Eden and Andrew Cheering search to find the problems as to why low income white and black single mothers are not getting married. The study finds five reasons to why women are reluctant to enter or reenter into a marriage. The same five reasons are also how they define womanhood. Women sought having children before marriage fulfilling, but did not count on being single. Women saw affordability, respectability, control, trust and domestic violence as important measures when looking into marriage. These women felt if they were to be in another relationship it would be with a man that would uplift her status. These women wanted a man that they could trust and count on to support them and a child. Class, race and previous experiences shaped these low-income single women notion of motherhood. Due to their low social economic status they wanted a man that could take care of their family. Because they claimed there was a scarcity of black decent men, they looked for affordability and respectability and because of their previous experience they wanted someone they could trust. These women had their own economic stability but anted to gain upward mobility and believed having a decent trustworthy man will fulfill their notion of motherhood. Lastly through Mignon Moor’s chapter â€Å"Lesbian Motherhood and Discourses of Respectability’ we can see the ways in which lesbian women form motherhood through women’s sexual autonomy, and an emphasis in strength and resilience. The reading discusses a lesbian woman named Jackie who has adopted her sister’s child. Jackie overcame a massive struggle with social services in finalizing her adoptive rights to Andrew. Her refusal to hide her sexuality supports the notion of black womanhood that communicates a sense of sexual autonomy. Jackass’s beliefs of what it meant to be a good mother derived from her childhood past. What she never had as a child she gave to Andrew and she made it her personal responsibility to see that he was safe, and stayed out of trouble. For women like Jackie challenges such as race, family structure and poverty influenced how she defined motherhood. Lesbian mothers have accepted a social responsibility based on family obligations, and have looked into their upbringing and personal experience for defining lesbian One woman named Athena had difficulty with telling her child from a previous heterosexual relationship that she was a lesbian. Athena did not feel comfortable identifying herself as a lesbian because she not only felt stigmatize from the community and family but she felt it was best to keep her sexuality unexposed to protect her child. By Athena not coming into terms with her lesbian identity it ruined her relationship and her chances to gain fulfillment in life. With the ending of her relationship with her partner we can see her understanding of motherhood. She defines motherhood as self-sacrificing for the good of the child. The move toward sexual autonomy is a struggle for women who are reluctant about their identity. Drawing a division between the two identities becomes difficult for women who are heterosexual lens and absorb cultural understandings of good motherhood in ways that make it difficult for them to view their lesbian sexuality in a positive light† (130). There is a constant battle when one is forced to choose between who they are and what is best for their child. Unfortunately the one parallel between all women are the sacrifices they endure for their families. We can she a range of mothers living in traditional families to more radical contemporary families, and all define motherhood differently. Women re forced to navigate motherhood through tough circumstances, which can become difficult. As seen in the reading women’s roles are stretched so thin it becomes inevitable to find a suitable balance for themselves within the family needs. We can see that motherhood can vary through the different identities such as class, race and sexuality. No women’s identities and experiences are the same, which make ‘motherhood’ hard to generalize and allows motherhood to also divide gender. It becomes a forced decision rather then a choice that women struggle with in their daily life. Motherhood has become an internal battle between selfish and selfless. How to cite Working mothers, Papers

Workplace Safety And Health Management - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Workplace Safety And Health Management. Answer: Introduction Back in the year of 2005, Singapore Government adopted a framework for improving workplace safety and health (WSH). The aim was to reduce the risk factors of the workplace, engendering a greater industry ownership and prevent the accidents and avoiding fines for useless poor management of safety and security at the workplace (Makin and Winder 2008). A few years back the focal point was improving the management of the safety and security issues in the workplace, but nowadays too we are stressing on the same factors, and that indicates that we have a lot of improvement to do in this sector. In developed countries too, work safety management is an issue that bothers the leading business leaders and the management bodies are constantly trying to bring in new innovative ideas to strengthen the work safety management of various industries and workplaces (Robson et al. 2007). Just for an example, it can be said, that in Singapore, there are 31 occupational diseases found and those are repor ted under the Workplace Safety and Health Acts third schedule (Grote 2012). I am currently working in a service industry and my company offers important domestic services like delivering meals vehicles, clothing general equipments and various items. Before joining my organization, I have attended courses like Bachelor of Science in Social Health Environmental Management, Noise Monitoring Officer course, Human Factors Engineering and Ergonomics course, Sampling and Monitoring of Airborne Contaminants, Management of Hazardous Substance and some others. Now I am in charge of the work safety and health management in my organization. When I completed by B.Sc degree I got some experiences regarding he topics like, a thorough understanding of various research process, ergonomics, sensible risk management, hazardous industries, client based study and honors year project, and some interests grew in me regarding this course and its implications in workplace. During the course, I have learnt how to study workers efficiency in the workplace, how to manage various risk f actors in the workplace, I have learnt how to deal with various types of hazards in various industries, and apart from these I have learnt how to do a client based study and honors year project. It is a matter of concern for people like us who work in risk management sector, is that each year on an average 200 people get killed in accidents in the workplace, and over a million people get somehow injured in the workplace and millions get various diseases from the workplace. This needs to be stopped immediately and for this there lies a huge importance of courses like social health and environmental management. Courses like health and safety management helps us to make sure that our employees do not get injured or fall sick in the workplace (Vinodkumar and Bhasi 2010). After attending various courses regarding these topic I realized that these learning helped me a lot to develop a positive understanding on the health and safety issues in the workplace, and apart from these from the courses learning I have realized that it is a social as well as legal duty of us to protect the employees from all the hazards of the workplace (Salvendy 2012). The training which we received is very much effective, and it ensures that we will make the general workforce competent in health and safety issues. The trainings can help a business to avoid the unpleasant incident in the workplace, and apart from that, these learning would help in managing financial costs regarding accidents in workplace and various liabilities of the organization regarding employees diseases acquired from the workplace (Robson et al. 2 012). We were taught the procedure of site evacuation and muster points, the risks associated with the workers working environment and duties. We were also taught how to safely handle the equipments and machineries in the workplace. The industries can be categorized as primary, secondary tertiary and quaternary according to the chances of hazards in the workplace. Industries like mining, extraction, raw materials fall under the primary category (Hetherington, Flin, and Mearns 2006). Manufacturing, production to usable products fall under this sector. Service industry, support industries like hospital, restaurants, and hotels fall under tertiary category and research sectors fall under the quaternary category according to the occurrence of occupational hazards (Schulte et al. 2008). These all industries are somewhat inter related to each other by one aspect and that is workplace safety and security, and in todays time reducing risk factors in the workplace has become one of the most essential matter of concern for the business leaders (Cigularov, Chen and Rosecrance 2010). Relation between hazard, risk and measure control The term hazard in workplace is referred to as a potential source of harm and ill health effect on the employees of a particular workplace. The terms hazard and risk are frequently used as a same thing, but the difference between them is discussed below. To define risk, it can be said that, risk is likelihood that a person can get harmed or suffer from ill health effects if he or she is exposed o any kind of hazard. The levels of risk can be determined by the potential harm that the hazard can cost (Cigularov, Chen and Rosecrance 2010). For an example, it can be said that exposure to asbestos industry is very fatal for human lungs and thus it can be categorized as a high risk factor. So, it can be said that, risk is the result of a hazard faced in the workplace, or hazard can be called a possibility of causing harms and risk is the probability of the harms to happen (Neal and Griffin 2006). In short, it can be said that, managing risk is a four step process where the experts need to point out the hazard in the workplace, and then they need to calculate the possible risks that the hazards can bring in, and finally the last step is to implement control measures, which can annihilate the risks from those hazards (Goetsch 2011). Case studies Case I A few years ago in Taiwan, a flammable colored powder was sprayed from a stage on the group of college students who were dancing in a drained swimming pool. Instantly, the powder turned into fireballs and scattered burning dust on the group of students. When the investigation was done, and it was clear that the particles came into contact of immense heat from the lights of the stage and it ignited, injuring over 500 people. Out of these five hundred people 17 people died and the host of the event was sentenced to five years of jail. The judge said that, after the investigation, police was sure that the host of the event did not take any precaution to prevent any kind of unpleasant incidents and thus he was penalized to pay 14 million dollars in compensation. Case II Professionally diving must be considered as a job with highly risky activities. The divers are frequently exposed to carious occupational hazards related to the diving- like drowning, respiratory troubles, troubles related circulation and many others (Hermanus 2007). Sometimes, when they carry out various tasks, like, welding or operating heavy machineries they get exposed towards many hazards (Lerman et al. 2012). Professional drivers get recruited by construction companies, for searching and rescuing operations, energy industries recruit many divers, they get recruited by aquaculture and for scientific archeological and research activities also they get hired (Parboteeah and Kapp 2008). There can be innumerable harmful accidents underwater, and in many occasion often divers lose their lives. For this kind of sport, the organizations need to have a team of highly experienced educated well trained people, designated as workplace safety and security supervisor or manager. So that the possibility of any kind of risk can be reduced down significantly and save many people from get harmed (Christian et al. 2006). Case III Asbestos industry is one of the most dangerous industries in terms of work safety and security of the employees of these types of organizations. It is the biggest killer in the workplace, as the noise of installing and removing asbestos can damage ears significantly and some workers suffer from hand arm vibration disease (Liao, Martocchio and Joshi 2010). Some employees end up having musculoskeletal diseases due to same repetitive work in the workplace (Brewer et al. 2006). The chemicals used in asbestos industry too cause much harm to the workers in that industry. That is why high level work safety management system should be present in the asbestos industry. Case IV Construction industry is one of the most hazardous industries in terms of the occurrence of accidents in the workplace. The managers should look into the matter of safety and security in the construction sites with high priority, as it is a matter of fact that, in most cases many workers die in the construction sites due to negligence of the work safety management of that particular organization (Ismail, Doostdar and Harun 2012). For an example, it can be said that, if a worker falls from a height of like 40 meters, e would definitely die, and to prevent these kind of accident, the organization use a nylon rope with chain pulley attached to the internal frame of the building, but this is not enough and this can lead to the fall of the worker resulting in death for him (Berman et al. 2012). The organizations should provide lifeline and anchorage for the employees to hook on safety pillars and they should make sure that, the scaffold used as an anchor of the pulley chain must be tied s afely with the structure. If any organization fails to provide essential support to save the employees from these types of occupational risks the organization must be penalized and their license should be confiscated as the lack of concern regarding someones life is not at all something that can be considered as a mere mistake (Nahrgang, Morgeson and Hofmann 2011). In todays market the occurrence of accidents have been majorly increased in two sectors, first in mining industry and the latter on is construction industry. So I would like to attract attention of the directors of construction companies through this paper, so that they could take some serious initiatives regarding the work safety issues of their employees in the construction sites (Choudhry, Fang and Ahmed 2008). Societys outlook needs to be changed I have learnt a lot of things while attending the course Social health environmental management and later when I had a big exposure in workplace I got to have so many real life experiences that I sometimes look back in retrospect and think that when I was in school, at that time I was not at all aware of these issues which were happening in front of my eyes, and I do not think the majority of our society is least bothered with issues like this. I really feel that awareness regarding these issues must be increased among people, socially among the young children who are the future of our country. Each day many people die around the globe due to people's lack of awareness regarding the safety issues in the workplace and it is a matter of fact that it might be true that only a few developed countries follow the rules and regulations of Workplace safety and Security, but the majority of the nations, be it developed or developing or under developed, they are least bothered regarding any is sues like these. On the other hand it is also a fact that in recent years the annual rate of these workplace accidents are reducing, not in a rapid rate, but still the table is turning, slowly, but things are really changing. In Singapore, I can see and feel proud that majority of the organizations have separate department for workplace safety issues and the governing bodies are investing a lot for the betterment of total workplace safety and security. It is worth mentioning that, the more these trainings and courses regarding this topic get promoted, the more awareness regarding this issue can be noticed. Things I would like to do again differently If I get a chance to start my course regarding work safety management again, I would like to change some minor things to improve my knowledge as a professional. In this job, it is clearly evident that acquiring practical knowledge is the key. The more you get practical experience, the more you learn and the more you can improvise in the practical field to eliminate the causes of the risk factors. I would have liked to extend the allotted time for working as interns, so that we could gain more knowledge on various risk factors and that could have enriched our knowledge base more. Another thing what I felt would have been more interesting is that there should be governing body who would keep records of how many students pass the training comprehension tests and on how many attempts. That could be a tool for the employees to evaluate the candidates before recruiting. Apart from these I did not feel that anything needs to be changed as after all I am new in this sector and recently joine d as an employee and it would not be right if I start judging the process of the courses made by experienced scholar professors, and moreover I know very less than what they know and what their experiences are over the years. My perceptions on the course In my opinion, effective safety and health management system must be present in any organization, and to secure that the courses on work safety management must be promoted. The organizations must recruit professionals who have acquired a professional degree regarding this work safety management. If the organizations recruit people without any professional degree, it would not be as effective if they recruit people with valid degree and some practical experiences regarding this matter. In work safety management system, practical experience is what matters end of the day, and the organizations should take this matter seriously, as a strong effective department of work safety management can not only lower the risk factors, but they save lives of number of people and for this the importance of this degree course and this department in any organization has a lot of importance and in my opinion everyones opinion regarding this must be the same for the betterment of our society. Critical discussion on the demands of the situation The increased demands for the experts of the work safety management are indicating one thing, and that is awareness regarding this issue has been increased in recent years and it is obviously a good sign for the society. The courses provided in this topic are to some extent lagging behind due to some minor issues and this can be fixed in no time. Regarding the planning of the courses the authorities need to look into the matters of writing skills, grammars and referencing ability of the students and they should be articulate in terms of describing something to others and they should be observant as it is a duty of them to point out the grass root reasons of hazards in the workplace. In my final year of completing thi course, I had to complete three projects and those are my honours project along with client based study and hazardous industries. Among these three, I had no issues regarding completing my honours project and client based study as those were easy for me to complete prope rly, but the project based on hazardous industries I had to deal with some issues, and those are, not many organizations let me enter their area of operation to collect samples and to gather information, as I had no such documents where it was written that I should be allowed from collecting data from various organizations. These are the basic demands of the situation present in todays scenario in my opinion. Summarizing the content Finally, to conclude, all I can say is there is immense importance of courses like work safety management, as in this market where industrialization is at its peak the rate of unpleasant incidents in the organization is also increasing. All we need to do is eliminate the reasons behind these occurrences of these accidents in the workplace. Organizations are nowadays, maintaining different teams or department for work safety management in their area of operation to prevent these issues. It is a matter of fact that each year number of employees die out of workplace hazards and millions of people suffer from various illness caused by some incidents in the workplace, and it is a shameful thing that majority of the society is not at all well aware of this fact. The general awareness regarding this issue must be increased for the betterment of the society. I love my job a lot because, this job as an expert of workplace safety management allows me to look after the wellbeing of the employee s of my organization and I can plan how to save them from various hazards in the workplace. I feel very satisfied if I save someone from various kinds of occupational hazard. For me nothing is greater that saving someones life. I would surely stay in this sector and try to learn first from practical experiences and then I would like to improvise things in my workplace to keep a safer environment for the workers of our employees. It is a matter of fact that, many workshops regarding this issue must be arranged by the governing body of various organizations for the betterment of their employees and as a whole societys. I am currently quite happy with the progress of the increase in social awareness regarding the workplace safety management and I am looking forward to improve the management of occupational hazards in near future and I would be very happy if I can contribute a little for the betterment of the society. References Berman, E.M., Bowman, J.S., West, J.P. and Van Wart, M.R., 2012.Human resource management in public service: Paradoxes, processes, and problems. Sage. Brewer, S., Van Eerd, D., Amick Iii, B.C., Irvin, E., Daum, K.M., Gerr, F., Moore, J.S., Cullen, K. and Rempel, D., 2006. Workplace interventions to prevent musculoskeletal and visual symptoms and disorders among computer users: a systematic review.Journal of occupational rehabilitation,16(3), p.317. Choudhry, R.M., Fang, D. and Ahmed, S.M., 2008. Safety management in construction: Best practices in Hong Kong.Journal of professional issues in engineering education and practice,134(1), pp.20-32. Christian, C.K., Gustafson, M.L., Roth, E.M., Sheridan, T.B., Gandhi, T.K., Dwyer, K., Zinner, M.J. and Dierks, M.M., 2006. A prospective study of patient safety in the operating room.Surgery,139(2), pp.159-173. Christian, M.S., Bradley, J.C., Wallace, J.C. and Burke, M.J., 2009. Workplace safety: a meta-analysis of the roles of person and situation factors. Cigularov, K.P., Chen, P.Y. and Rosecrance, J., 2010. The effects of error management climate and safety communication on safety: A multi-level study.Accident Analysis Prevention,42(5), pp.1498-1506. Goetsch, D.L., 2011. Occupational Safety and Health for Technologists, Engineers, and. Grote, G., 2012. Safety management in different high-risk domainsAll the same?.Safety Science,50(10), pp.1983-1992. Hermanus, M.A., 2007. Occupational health and safety in mining-status, new developments, and concerns.Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,107(8), pp.531-538. Hetherington, C., Flin, R. and Mearns, K., 2006. Safety in shipping: The human element.Journal of safety research,37(4), pp.401-411. Ismail, Z., Doostdar, S. and Harun, Z., 2012. Factors influencing the implementation of a safety management system for construction sites.Safety science,50(3), pp.418-423. Lerman, S.E., Eskin, E., Flower, D.J., George, E.C., Gerson, B., Hartenbaum, N., Hursh, S.R. and Moore-Ede, M., 2012. Fatigue risk management in the workplace.Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine,54(2), pp.231-258. Liao, H., Martocchio, J.J. and Joshi, A. eds., 2010.Research in personnel and human resources management. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Makin, A.M. and Winder, C., 2008. A new conceptual framework to improve the application of occupational health and safety management systems.Safety Science,46(6), pp.935-948. Nahrgang, J.D., Morgeson, F.P. and Hofmann, D.A., 2011. Safety at work: a meta-analytic investigation of the link between job demands, job resources, burnout, engagement, and safety outcomes. Neal, A. and Griffin, M.A., 2006. A study of the lagged relationships among safety climate, safety motivation, safety behavior, and accidents at the individual and group levels.Journal of applied psychology,91(4), p.946. Parboteeah, K.P. and Kapp, E.A., 2008. Ethical climates and workplace safety behaviors: An empirical investigation.Journal of Business Ethics,80(3), pp.515-529. Poulston, J., 2008. Hospitality workplace problems and poor training: a close relationship.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,20(4), pp.412-427. Probst, T.M., Brubaker, T.L. and Barsotti, A., 2008. Organizational injury rate underreporting: the moderating effect of organizational safety climate.Journal of Applied Psychology,93(5), p.1147. Robson, L.S., Clarke, J.A., Cullen, K., Bielecky, A., Severin, C., Bigelow, P.L., Irvin, E., Culyer, A. and Mahood, Q., 2007. The effectiveness of occupational health and safety management system interventions: a systematic review.Safety Science,45(3), pp.329-353. Robson, L.S., Stephenson, C.M., Schulte, P.A., Amick III, B.C., Irvin, E.L., Eggerth, D.E., Chan, S., Bielecky, A.R., Wang, A.M., Heidotting, T.L. and Peters, R.H., 2012. A systematic review of the effectiveness of occupational health and safety training.Scandinavian journal of work, environment health, pp.193-208. Salvendy, G., 2012.Handbook of human factors and ergonomics. John Wiley Sons. Schulte, P., Geraci, C., Zumwalde, R., Hoover, M. and Kuempel, E., 2008. Occupational risk management of engineered nanoparticles.Journal of occupational and environmental hygiene,5(4), pp.239-249. Vinodkumar, M.N. and Bhasi, M., 2010. Safety management practices and safety behaviour: Assessing the mediating role of safety knowledge and motivation.Accident Analysis Prevention,42(6), pp.2082-2093.

Womens Role in Society free essay sample

This paper discusses the evolution of gender roles in American society. This paper discusses how the role women play in American society has changed since the beginning of the twentieth century. The writer compares the behavior of men and women a gym environment in order to study whether or not certain stereotypes can be found while both sexes are working out. The author interviews two athletes, one male and one female about their opinions regarding how men and women exercise, what equipment they use and why. This is followed by the authors observation of how hard men and women workout while using the cardio equipment in the gym. The author observes both the level of intensity and the interaction between the sexes in order to reach the conclusions presented in the paper. `Melanctha, Gail Collins editorial, Lindseys book on gender roles, and my anthropological study at the gym all suggest that women, in actuality, havent done as much in breaking the barriers of gender roles that they perhaps promised to do in the early 20th century. We will write a custom essay sample on Womens Role in Society or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As further evidence for this, one can look at a study conducted by Michael A. Messner in which he extensively interviewed thirty male athletes over a period of two years. He claims that these athletes all claim that their earliest experiences in sports are stories of an exclusively male world (1999, p.101). He also claims that, even today, many girls tend to shy away from competitive sports because they define themselves primarily through connection with others, [and] experience highly competitive situations (whether in organized sports or in other hierarchical institutions) as threats to relationships, and thus to their identities (1999, p. 106). Thus, my idea that gender roles of women are so stringent that they must even follow them in the gym is not too far fetched. If both magazines and schools tell women that they need to be a certain way, its no wonder that there is so much uproar when a woman tries to get an education or tries to play of sports. Of course, there still are th e Lisa Gillises of the world, but these women are still marginal to modern American culture. Yes, they are becoming less so, but these women still have a lot of work to do if they ever want to create a gender equal society.`

Book Review Freakonomics

Book Review Freakonomics Introduction When one hears of a winner of the John Bates Clark Medal, the first thought that comes to mind is that of someone that came up with a new economics theory or a formulae that has helps economists solve a problem that has been in great economist minds long enough to make him deserve the medal.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Book Review: Freakonomics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contrary to this, and unexpected of such a decorated economist, Steven Levitt represents a new form of economist. Though armed with economics honors in form of an undergraduate degree from Harvard and a Doctorate of Philosophy from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Levitt admits to knowing very little as far as economic theories and monetary equations are concerned. The only thing that has propelled him to such a status in the economics world is the fact that he does not look at the world from the same perspective as everyone else. Levitt’s third eye has allowed him to spot economic anomalies and strategize from such experiences. This third eye of his led to his getting requests from economically established individuals to solve anomalies, and even from non-economic individuals and groups that know they are missing a certain view of the duties they claim responsibility for. The Excellent Science that is Economics Economics is the science that defines the sequential processes involved from the production of utility goods and services to the end consumer. â€Å"Levitt considers economics a science with excellent tools for gaining answers, but has a shortage of interesting questions† (Levitt Dubner 6). The whole economics fraternity is more than glad to have him present all the interesting questions entailed in economics. Economics as a science breaks down market phenomenon in order to explain what triggers certain reactions in the market, and how to get the best out of these reactio ns. Economists do not need all the interesting questions in the world, as even simple questions can help solve the biggest of problems (52). The Hidden Side of Everything Steven Levitt has used this phrase to refer to the basic things that go on around people, but ignorance or a bad situation has redirected their view to things that seem to be the bigger picture, but are insignificant to their causes. They find themselves looking away and slowly letting go of their dreams as they brace themselves to survive the reality that is life. This leads the reader to a short story narrated by the author. Consider Paul Feldman, a successful agricultural economist who always wanted to liberate the world from hunger, but ended up working for the US Navy (51). Mr. Feldman had a very well paying job but ended up quitting it to follow his ‘destiny’; and it paid off. His brand new supply chain around Washington DC ended up with him earning as much as he made during his tenure at the whi te-collar job that he was not supposed to quit.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The book could therefore be advocating for all those with their inner voices pointing towards a different direction in life to go against all odds and engage in what they think will reveal the best of their abilities. Like Paul Feldman, they should be cautious and take their time to analyze the venture they are going to undertake, identify challenges and strategies that will manage them before giving up what they have, lest they find themselves chasing after the wind. Skepticism Freakonomics as a guide was a book designed to encourage skepticism in economics as a whole. This, backed by claim that it is human nature to cheat, raises questions on the integrity of economics, the science. The author goes ahead to give the example of sumo-wrestlers, schoolteachers and day-care parents who e ngage in cheating as a day-to-day vice (51). Sadly, the rest of the world does not follow with this. The algorithm used to detect this cheating, though perfect, did not result in likewise ‘perfect’ outcomes (DiNardo 30). If everyone turns into a skeptic of all concepts that run the procedures involved in economics, arts or even in medicine, the world would then run out of the individuals that take passion in the work they do. There would be no more believers left of the earth as everyone will be positioned to ask questions instead of addressing the faults they see in humanity. Enron presents another form of skepticism in form of white-collar crime. According to Levitt Dubner, this is a form of silent crime with no direct victim, and hence the reason why the day ends with a richer employee, but no suspect (53). Yet another form of cheating that goes overlooked if left unchecked. The problem here is that the system becomes a victim of its own perfection as the experts wh o design it and run it reap off its loopholes in broad daylight. Incentives It is true that incentives play a major role in motivation. The new generation presents with it major and unique economic constraints. These new breed of challenges have led to people stretching every available opportunity of making an extra buck. This involves coming up with new forms of business, hence the taking root of such services as mortgage and stock brokerage, real estate agents and even escort services. These individuals have specialized and mastered the relevant activities involved in the industries in that they know how to maximize the value for your money so to speak (13). Unfortunately, Levitt does not share the sentiment. He goes ahead to tag them as humans like everyone else who respond to incentives (14). This may be true, though their expertise has helped in saving time taken in the hustle of looking for a buyer and without experience in the field.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Book Review: Freakonomics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It plays out as a strategy that catches two fish with single bait. This is because the owner goes ahead to conduct his/her other side business, while the broker/agent finds the buyer. Realistically, compared to that made within the same period by the seller, the money used to pay up the agent/broker may be significantly low. Economists, among other experts should, and in fact do recognize and appreciate the challenges brokers and agents go through in order to come to terms with clients who already have in them the mindset that all brokers are just out to rip them off of their money. Levitt actually does acknowledge that these experts are human (14). The authors should give the reasons why they expected to respond in a different style to the same challenges faced by other workers in other fields. Freakonomics versus Economics The author clearly lacks the scholarly ent husiasm associated with the products of the higher education institutions he attended. For a graduate from Harvard and a doctor of Philosophy from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he does not represent the honors as expected. He views the economic world of economics with utter skepticism and his wish is for the world to follow behind his steps loyally. In a world rigged with, among other economic forces, inflation and diversity from competition, it demands a keen view of the trends the market takes on every product. It may be unclear to him when he points out that the economic boom in the late 1990s did not help in reducing the rate of murders being committed across the States (11). As much as it reduced the number of potential criminals being born, abortion also reduced the number of great achievers and potential leaders who would have influenced positively and jolted this world to greater heights in all fields. As much as Levitt views this as a success as much as crimino logy is concerned, it has done more harm than good as compared to crime retention and the good that is humanity. Conclusion After a complete analysis of the ideology behind the book, a reasonable and crucial point to be noted, is that â€Å"Levitt’s only real message is to encourage confrontational questions† (Berg 2005) as these nee d not economist answers, but endless arguments that lead to outright criticism of what economics stands for as a science. It has reached a point that whether we embrace it or not, economics and everything that it comes with plays a major role in the everyday life of the average citizen, regardless of social class or age.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Berg, Chris. Why do drug dealers live with their mums? IPA (Institute of Public Affairs) Review, June 2005, 57 2): 46. Print. DiNardo, John. A Review of Freakonomics. New York: New York Times, 2005. Print. Levitt, Steven. Dubner, Stephen. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2005. Print.

Research Methods Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Methods - Essay Example To increase the effectiveness of research, it may be helpful to implement multiple research methods that are divided on qualitative and quantitative. However, each research method has its own positive and negative sides, some of which will be mentioned in the current paper. A bright example of pragmatic approach will be analyzed to show the role and effectiveness of specific research methods. Introduction Each science is based on the facts that can be received with the help of relevant and complete streams of information. All spheres of human life, including economical, political, technological, educational and social aspects, never stop progressing. However, to receive valid results and make germane conclusions, researchers require using specific research methods that can be characterized with a great abundance (McNeill & Chapman 2005). It is fair to state that each research approach has its pros and cons that is why for every research problem, the choice of the best methods should be made with special seriousness otherwise incorrect and irrelevant research techniques may bring the study to invalid and erroneous findings (Freeman, Robinson & Woodley 2004). Research philosophy In its widest meaning, the word â€Å"method† can be interpreted as a way to something and represents more an artificial than existed in nature the system of rules and operations (Kothari 2006). Basically, research methods are implemented to gather the full data base with the help of which a researcher is able to make appropriate conclusions and elaborate further recommendations on how to benefit from favorable consequences or eliminate the negative influence. According to Walliman (2011, p. 7), research methods are all â€Å"about advancing the frontiers of knowledge†. The usage of various research methods for one study increases the accuracy of the findings and helps to view the problem from the different aspects. Research approach The bright example of research combinatio n is the study of Luthans and Sommer, who based their results on both qualitative and quantitative methods. The article emphasizes how seriously the market conditions have been changed compared to previous periods of production relationships. Hence, the favorable results of each company’s performance are influenced by management’s policy aimed at the improvement of product characteristics, raise of product quality, decrease of total costs, increase of productivity and superiority over competitors (Luthans & Sommer 2005). It is important to persuade the target consumers that offered brand is better than the rest of analogues and it is considered that such scheme can be achieved only with the help of strong knowledge base of the company’s personnel, effective training programs, professional skills of senior managers and attractive motivational factors. The study provides extensive demonstration on how relevant management of human resources correlates with companyà ¢â‚¬â„¢s financial results. The main purpose of the mentioned research is to represent proofs regarding the significant impact of the efficacious system of human resource management on the favorable performance of an organization. The further objective of the study is

Psychological Approaches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Psychological Approaches - Essay Example Thus, controlled variables like the conditions of the testing environment and the health of the applicant should be considered before administering the exam. However, these are not commonly given much attention by the HR department or the company who’s administering the test to measure the capability of the examiner. Therefore, validity of exams may not be high. Still exams are considered to get the profile of the applicant and sometimes its result is correlated or validated with the result of the interview conducted by the selection committees. As mentioned, what is mostly considered in the profiles generated by personality assessment measures the capabilities and preferences of the individual. The cognitive aspect affects a part of the person’s profile and thus may vary with other individuals. How and why they differ can be understood by reviewing the cognitive development as well as personality development of a subject. Cognitive psychology is the school of psychology that examines internal mental processes such as problem solving, memory, and language (Wikipedia 2006). It aims to understand the mental processes in problem solving and how one comes out with a decision in response to certain situations. It acknowledges the scientific method as a valid mental process compared to introspection. Jean Piagett (1896), a cognitive psychologist, explained that the Cognitive development of children involves changes in cognitive process and abilities. In Piaget’s view, early cognitive development involves processes based upon actions and later progresses into changes in mental operations. She explained that a schema includes both a category of knowledge and the processes of obtaining knowledge. Children experiences situations and understand the situation, pleasing or not, and stores information derived from that experience. The schema changes as new experiences were

Technology Evaluation Same time, Same place Essay

Technology Evaluation Same time, Same place - Essay Example This is because the information is present in people’s profiles and also it is easier to ask the chat friends to find the information you need. This technology reduces efforts of working together where you have to organize meetings and spend a lot of time arguing and in conflict resolution, hence the amount of time spent working on tasks is reduced. In the political dimensions, the technology helps reach relevant people needed for achievement of the performance goals. The technology can reach managers due to many people being connected in the chat and this enables sharing of ideas, challenges, saves time and costs hence meeting the expectations and goals of the job description and valuing workers whom much information is shared with (Chickowski, 2009). The Internet Relay Chat helps the team members in the organization to complete tasks quickly because they reduce time for paper work and searching customers and suppliers, this therefore improves productivity. Due to the chat containing personal information of different individuals, team members understand each other well in terms of their strengths and weaknesses hence effective working relationship among those team members. Technologically, the Internet Relay Chat enables individuals to use their personal computers and even their mobile phones to chat. This therefore means that connectivity with individuals in remote parts is enabled due to the use of mobile phones and personal computers. The technology of the internet chat enables integration with applications in the intranet of the individuals using the technology hence allows its wider

Rural Urban Migration In Ghana Cultural Studies Essay

Rural Urban Migration In Ghana Cultural Studies Essay One of the main challenges which Africa must take up at this crucial time of its development is that of feeding its people. The continent is known for its rich agricultural potential, which constitutes the major highlight of the economy in most of its countries. It is then difficult to believe that the continent is still in a race to reach a level of self-sufficiency. Unfortunately, such is the situation, and we ask ourselves millions of questions. In a country like Ghana, which is not exempt of such a situation, and where agriculture is the key sector of the economy, we wonder why rural areas are so underdeveloped, or why poverty seems to crack it and why young people are increasingly becoming rare in those areas. Moreover, we are lost as to the situation of products consumed by Ghanaians, which are mostly imported. The answer to these questions appears to be found in the substantial difference between living conditions in the urban and rural areas, which leads to the phenomenon of rural exodus. Rural-urban migration in Ghana reduces the development of agriculture, which deeply affects the economy. After the colonial period, the black continent took up an effective development race for its countries. This is reflected in urbanization, and Ghana does not make an exception. With most businesses and activities being concentrated in Ghanas urban areas, rural areas tend to lack basic needs. It is then normal to see the youth fleeing those areas for the conquest of the city. They have, indeed, many valid reasons to leave rural areas for cities like Accra or Kumasi for example. The effects of an issue cannot be discussed without looking into its causes. Likewise, we cannot also talk about the effects of rural urban migrations without, even briefly, mentioning its causes. Indeed, attracted by the beauty of the cities and its infrastructural developments, rural youth troop to the urban areas with the hope of finding a well-paid job and living a less stressful life. Whats more, the intensity of agricultural works, which are accentuated by the use rudimentary tools and ancient agricultural techniques applied make them take flight. These agricultural works are mainly determined by climate; therefore, farmers are indulged in seasonal unemployment, which does affect their financial conditions as well as their living ones. In short, the youth leave rural areas in search of greener pastures. Nevertheless, with the massive arrival of rural dwellers into the city coupled with the issues they generate, the urban areas are quickly becoming agonized with certain effects of the migration. What are they? The main effects of rural migration in Ghana are felt in the agricultural sector, which makes-up a big portion of the Ghanaian economy. The concentration of infrastructures in the city leading to the rural urban migration is making the countryside becoming more underdeveloped and devoid of strong energetic youth. The latters presence being the fuel for development in the countryside; their departure negatively affects the area by pushing it deeper into underdevelopment. Indeed, the youth leave behind aged and infants who are not able to put much energy into the intricate work of farming, which constitutes most of the economic development of the area, and of the country as a whole (Rural to Urban migration). Consequently, the rarity of youth, that is, the labour hand in the countryside doesnt favor agricultural activities but rather brings both rural and urban dwellers deeper into poverty and starvation. Like Liebenow said in 1986: The mass exodusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦from the impoverished countryside leaves not only fewer hands to grow the nations food but more mouths to feed (Liebenow, qtd in Twumasi-Ankrah, 180-184). This quote shortly explains the dire effects of rural to urban migration on both the city and the countryside. With an increasing number of people leaving the rural areas, which happens to be the fertile grounds of development for any developing country, a limited number of labor forces begin to be felt as time goes by (Rural to Urban migration). Food production therefore becomes low, while there are more and more people in the urban areas who need to be fed. A report by the Ghana News Agency (GNA) indicates that a total of 1.2 million Ghanaians have limited access to sufficient and nutritious food throughout the year, while another 2 million are at risk, or become food insecure (Ghana News Agency, 1). It becomes obvious that once the agricultural motor which is the labor hand is affected, the farming revenue too is attacked and is seriously decreasing. Agriculture has then a central role to play in promoting growth and poverty reduction in the Ghanaian economy at this stage of our development, and Ghana needs an agricultural revolution based on productivity growth; this will raise almost a million more Ghanaians out of poverty (Nankani, 2). In agriculture-based countries in South Saharan Africa, like Ghana, agriculture accounts for 32 percent of GDP growth, mainly because it already is a large share of GDP (Nankani). Therefore, any mistake in farms is directly negatively affecting the whole economy of the country. Moreover, this situation favours the development of the agriculture of subsistence since farmers dont have adequate tools and conditions for a massive production. This type of agriculture production is on family scale, that is, not even enough to reach the city. Therefore, the country is no more able to export food supplies, but rather import them. The government, then, has to spend a lot of money trying to prevent its people from starvation. Such conditions slow down then Ghana in its process of becoming alimentary auto-sufficient. In addition, developing countries usually have a limited number of social amenities to cater for their population. This situation worsens with an increasing number of people trooping from the rural areas to the urban areas. Usage of limited facilities increases. With such increases, facilities wear out quicker than expected, and this affects the economy by increasing costs for the government (Rural to Urban migration). An increase in the number of migrants does not only put pressure on limited facilities, but it also endangers the security of others when these migrants finally realize that the job markets are not suitable for them. With no job and no sources of income, rural migrants must make ends meet. The situation becomes a desperate one where people are ready to do anything to get money. Most migrants from rural areas then result to practices such as stealing, armed robbery, prostitution. Furthermore, since they cannot afford a decent shelter, they are likely to settle in what is popularly known as kiosks. Once started by one person, the trend follows. The area quickly becomes overcrowded with an atmosphere not worthy of living in (Rural to Urban migration) Other examples of migrants who end up engaging in any activity that would earn them some money are the Kayayos. They are young women or girls who work as porters, carrying heavy loads on their heads (DiCampo, 1). They usually migrate from rural areas in the northern region to the bustling cities in the south (DiCampo, 1). These young girls and women usually get very little for the hard work they do. I wont go back to that place. They are suffering there. If you dont have money, you suffer. You wont eat. At home, you can always cook and eat, said Amariya, a woman in her 20s who worked in Ghanas capital, Accra, until she had enough money to return to her village and marry (DiCampo, 1). This is the reality once in the city. Like Amariya, some of them choose to leave; others keep fighting for a better urban life and become exposed to many social vices that they further cultivate. These people for example, with such instabilities in their lives are not able to send their children to school either in the countryside or in the city since such infrastructures are missing in the rural areas while they are expensive in town. In addition, we must not forget that rural to urban migration has devoid the countryside of teachers, a form of brain drain on the rural population (Twumasi-Ankrah). Rural-urban migration then, is an important factor of analphabetism which represents a danger for the future of the country, that is, the unavailability of elites to push the country forward in its development processes. It is amazing to see how much these issues are slowly but surely affecting the country. It becomes obvious that something must be done to slow down this phenomenon. The countryside represents the power hands that feed a country and it needs to be developed, that is, to have infrastructures and good conditions of life to insure good productivity. The decentralization of the city then becomes an emergency for the survival of the country and the stability of its economic situation. In conclusion, we can deduce from this analysis that the rural areas and urban areas are intrinsically related which besides has serious impacts on the Ghanaian economy. Rural migration is a realistic phenomenon, a real scourge that undermines the Ghanaian society and Africa as a whole, weakening at the same time the efforts for an effective development, which is mainly based on agriculture. The fact of the matter is that the rural youth desert the villages for the cities, and it creates many negative consequences for both the cities and the rural areas. It is then imperative that the government must take more effective actions in order to establish the lacking infrastructures, that is, to fix this ongoing problem. This seems to be the only way for the country to solve the problem, and to make effective steps towards development. Does the fact that rural urban migration is tearing Ghana mean that it doesnt have beneficial effects on both the city and the countryside?

Understanding ADD and ADHD Essay -- Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Di

Understanding ADD and ADHD First, it is important to understand ADD and ADHD and how they can be identified. Within the classroom, a teacher may encounter a student who constantly squirms in their seat, stares out the window, and has a desk that is a complete mess. These are not poor students who do not care about school and learning. Often these students may be undiagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. These students can often be disruptive to themselves and the students around them, which causes serious educational problems. For this reason it is important for these students to be identified and to have their condition treated. Also, if untreated for a long period of time, the student?s self esteem and feeling of competence may be severely damaged (D?Alonzo, 1996). Untreated cases of attention disorders can be spotted through certain symptoms. These symptoms include short attention span, daydreaming, low frustration tolerance, poor planning ability, disorganization, constantly displaying inappropriate behavior, and a multitude of others (Copeland & Love, 1992). If a teacher encounters a student in their classroom and feel that he or she may have an attention disorder, there are certain steps one should follow to initiate effective and appropriate treatment of the student. First, one should take time to organize a list of behaviors and problems of the student that cause concern. Next one should gather information about the student?s behavior by observing them. These observations should be recorded and kept for future reference. Then gather information on the student including previous test scores, medical reports, past teacher?s remarks, and so on. After this... ...ers and how to manage them in the classroom. Dowdy, C., Patton, J., Smith, T., & Polloway, E. (1998). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the classroom. Austin, Texas: PRO-ED, Inc. This book covers a multitude of areas addressing ADD and ADHD, including but not limited to managing the classroom, accommodating instructional needs, and student-regulated strategies. Slavin, R. (2000). Educational Psychology: theory and practice. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. This book is an educational psychology textbook. I found a section on ADD and ADHD that provided information on the problems the child faces and it also addressed the role of the teacher with ADD or ADHD students. Online Medical Dictionary, (1998). Retrieved from the World Wide Web on September 20, 2014. This source is an online dictionary of medical terms and conditions.

Memorial Day Essay

Memorial Day, is a day of joy, a day of sorrow, that means many different things to many different people. Memorial Day is on every last Monday of May. Traditionally on a Monday the Kids will go to school and the parents go to work, but not on the last Monday in May, the school closes, the grills light, the beer cans flood the sidewalks like water during a category five hurricane. Or at least that’s how it use to be, now all of the stores are open, the pools opens, and how you really see what the day is about, the soldiers. Memorial Day for me is all about soldiers and veterans. About four years ago I would always wait anxiously on every Sunday morning from a call from my dad, who was 3,000 miles away on a tiny new found country called Kosovo. Memorial Day is supposed to be a day of remembrance, but some people can’t even bare the thought of thinking about loosing their veteran, like me. Memorial Day was created to honor the soldiers of America, but now it is known for honoring the Memorial Day parade or sales event. Times and traditions have changed drastically, and so have the people of America. In conclusion even though we live in a free country our freedom is still not free. What Memorial Day means to me. When I think of Memorial Day I think of the soldiers I think of the way that these heroes get out of bed each day, and walk to the battlefield to defend our country. Memorial Day is not just a day to respect our current and past veterans, but a day to remember the fallen veterans. Also I think of the heart of a soldier which is like the size of the Titanic, and twice as big, and the soul of a soldier which is free and peaceful. If only the world was free and peaceful. What Memorial Day means to me is the soul of America. Memorial Day is a day that represents no other country on except the United States of America.

Optimizing Your Content With Arienne Holland Of Raven Tools

Optimizing Your Content With Arienne Holland Of Raven Tools On this blog, we talk a lot about  optimizing your content to your audience and understanding what kind of content they want to consume, but thats always a tricky proposition. Why? Its easy to get off-target and create content that is focused on what your peers want instead of what your true audience wants. Plus, with so many content possibilities, the challenge is to  choose just the content your audience needs without distracting yourself with content that is  little more than extra work. Arienne Holland, from Raven Tools, reveals how they stay on track with their content marketing. Tell us a bit about yourself. I’m Arienne Holland, director of marketing and customer experience for Raven. Our software helps busy online marketers manage and report on their campaigns efficiently. Teams of search, social and content marketers can use a single, affordable tool to collaborate on and automate as much of their work as possible. Sometimes I joke that I market marketing software to marketers. But it’s true. How big is your content marketing team? One senior digital marketing strategist, Nicolette Beard - SEO, blogging, online advertising, email marketing and outreach are her specialties. One social media marketing strategist, Nate Baker -   organic and paid social campaigns are his primary responsibilities, along with affiliate management and blogging. One marketing UX designer -   Sarah Musselman. 90% web design; some print campaigns. Then there are the six others who communicate more directly with customers. Those folks create our Help Desk content, answer questions, conduct live training, coordinate software testing and lead our new referral program. They’re all dedicated, intelligent and friendly people. It’s a great time. What is the biggest challenge you have when it comes to your team’s workflow, communication and content creation? So many ideas for so many channels, not enough time! We are a private company with a huge customer base worldwide. We want to be a brand that our customers can trust, so we’re careful to make good decisions. Sometimes that means we don’t publish things we don’t have time to â€Å"do right.† Other times it means that we have to choose our marketing channels extremely carefully. Sure, it would be fantastic to have a â€Å"Behind-the-Scenes at Raven† Instagram account - this company has some great visual moments. But that’s secondary to providing content that our customers need, not just content they might enjoy. Sure, it would be fantastic to have a â€Å"Behind-the-Scenes at Raven† Instagram account - this company has some great visual moments. But that’s secondary to providing content that our customers  need, not just content they might enjoy. @RavenArienne Prioritizing is hard. No ever said important things were easy, though. What changes have you noticed in content marketing over the past year or so? What changes and trends do you think will occur in content marketing in the upcoming year? Video content has improved in quality, relevance to customers and importance in marketing. It’s one of those places I’m dying to focus - just read the past few months of articles on Think with Google and you’ll see why. Also, at Digital East this week in Washington D.C., I spoke about mobile marketing. It’s not a buzzword. Mobile technology (from phones to tablets to eBooks to whatever wearable comes next) is a way of life. Here’s one example: 90% of Americans own cell phones - and 75% of them admit to taking them to the bathroom! Compare that to the 78% who own a desktop or laptop computer. I can’t say I recall dragging my MacBook Pro into the bathroom lately to get some work done. Have you? So mobile is life changing technology, and I can see why brands see potential here for marketing. But is it worth the $7 billion that American marketers spent on mobile in 2013, without any clear way to measure success? Some of it, sure. Other things were likely a total waste of money. Before anyone jumps into mobile marketing opportunities, it’s important to prioritize on based on your audience - existing and potential - and every scrap of data you already have about what marketing tactics work for you. Before you jump into mobile marketing, it’s important to prioritize on based on your audienceWhat are the most common mistakes you see people making when it comes to content marketing? 1. Not knowing the existing audience and the target audience, something you have to uncover using analytics or other data. Those without a love for data can see this kind of information as a threat. It hurts to know that someone you wrote that took you three days was viewed by fewer than 20 people. But don’t you want to know why, so you can do a better job next time? Often I find that people haven’t matched their content to their audience. Data can help you analyze what to improve. 2. Focusing on social channels to the neglect of the only channel any brand truly owns: its website. Social media marketers tend to emphasize metrics that help them improve individual network engagement or specific content on those networks. What matters to me is, how many of those people ended up back at my website? That’s where I sell to them. That’s where they need to be. Social is just one path to get people to the most important destination: your website. 3. Smaller brands or SMBs that start with social marketing before email marketing. 4. No unique voice or ideas to contribute to the conversation. 5. Creating content for peers, not for audiences. This happens a lot with search marketers. They write and write and write in obvious bids to get the attention of industry influencers. I never can figure out why, because surely if they spent all that time writing content to help their clients understand search marketing, they would end up with more business.

Developmental Psychology Final Review Essays

Developmental Psychology Final Review Essays Developmental Psychology Final Review Paper Developmental Psychology Final Review Paper Psychology Final ReviewBehavioral Modification- a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones (good behavior is reinforced)   Ã‚  Classical Conditioning- a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about a response (dog responds to bell thinks of food)   Operant Conditioning- a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative responses (different from classical because is voluntary unlike classical when dog hears bells, he starts to salivate)   Cohort- a group of people born at around the same time in the same place      Correlational Research- research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exist Critical Period- a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest conseq uences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli are necessary for development to proceed normally   Dependent Variable- the variable the researchers measure   Experimental Research- research designed to discover casual relationships between various factors (cause and effect)   Humanistic Approach- the theory contending that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior (Rogers and Maslow, hierarchy of needs)   Independent Variable- thing being manipulated in experiment   Information Processing Approach- the model that seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use and store information   Maturation- the predetermined unfolding of genetic information     Naturalistic Observation- naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation   Ã‚  Psychoanalytical Theory- the theory proposed by Freud suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior   Ps ychodynamic Perspective- the approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control (Freud and Erikson)   Sensitive Period- a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences. Social-Cognitive Learning Theory- learning by observing the behavior of another person called a model   Dizygotic twins- twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at the same time (fraternal twins)   DNA- he substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how each will function     Embryonic Stage the period from 2 to 8 weeks   Fetal Stage- the stage 8 weeks- till birth Genotype- the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism      Germinal Stage- the first and shortest stage of prenatal period, first two weeks following conception Monozygotic twins- identical twins    Phenotype- an observable trait, trait that is actually seen   Zygote- the new cell formed by the process of fertilization   APGAR scale-   A- appearance   P- pulse G- grimace   A- activity R- respiration    Post-mature Infants- Infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother’s due date     Reflexes- unlearned , organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli     Cerebral Cortex- the upper layer of the brain   Myelin- a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses   Neuron- the basic nerve cell of the nervous system   Plasticity- the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience   Principle of the independence systems- the principle that different body systems grow at differe nt rates   SID’s- the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby     Synapse Synaptic Pruning- the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation   Accommodation- changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events   Assimilation- the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking   Babbling- making speech-like but meaningless sounds   Ã‚  Information Processing Approaches- the model that seeks to identify the way individuals take in, use and store information     Object Permanence- the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen     Overextension- the overly broad use of words (all cars are trucks)   Scheme- an organized pattern of sensorimotor functioning   Sensorimotor Stage (of cognitive development) Piagets initial stage of cognitive development has 6 substages    Ainsworth Strange Situation- a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and mother   Ambilivalant Attachment- a style of attachment in which children display a combination o f positive and negative reactions to their mothers, they show great distress when mother      leaves, but upon her return they may imultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her   Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt- (aged 18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they allowed the freedom to explore or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted or overprotected Avoidant Attachment Theory- a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother     Empathy- an emotional response corresponds to the feelings of another person   Psychological Development (Erikson theory)- the theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others and their own behavior   Personality- the su m total of the enduring characteristics that differinate one individual from another    Social Referencing- the intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events    Stranger Anxiety- the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person   Trust vs Mistrust Stage- the period where infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers   Goodness-of-Fit- the notion that development is dependent on the degree of match between children’s temperament and the nature demands of the environment in which they are raised (high-activity high irritability children need direction) Handedness- the preference of using one hand over the other (will see by 7 months)   Lateralization- the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other   Obesity- bod y weight more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age or height   Autobiographical Memory- memory of particular events form one’s own life (usually after age 3)   Centration- the processing of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects (dominate preschoolers learning)     Conservation- the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects   Egocentric Thought- thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others   Fast Mapping- instances in which new words are with their meaning after only brief encounter   (‘s understood as more than one)   Intuitive Thought- thinking that reflects preschoolers use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world     Operations-organized, formal, logical mental processes   Pragmatics- aspect of language that refers to communicating effectively and appropriately with othe rs   Preoperational Stage- (ages 2 to 7) in which childrens use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges. nd the use of concepts increases   Scaffolding- the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth     Syntax- the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences   Transformation- the process in which one state is changed into another   Zone of Proximal Development- according to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent     Abstract Modeling- the process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles Androgynous- a state in which gender roles encompass characteristics thought typical of both sexes (female both sensitive and strong) Associative Play- 2 or more children interact with one another by borrowing or sharing toys, but do not do the sa me thing Cooperative Play- children genuinely interact with each other, taking turns   Parallel Play- play with similar toys in similar manner but do not interact   Cycle of Violence Hypothesis- the neglect and abuse children suffer predispose them to do the sameRace Dissonance- the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people   Resilience- the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage   Aggression- intentional harm or injury to another person   Initiative vs Guilt Stage- (ages 3 to 6) experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action   Speech Impairment- speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication   Stuttering- substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech   Learning Disabilities- difficulties in the acquisition and use of li stening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning or math   Acceleration- special   programs that allow gifted students to move ahead at their own pace, even if   this means skipping to higher grade levels. Concrete operational stage- the   period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is   characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic. Crystallizing intelligence- the   accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned   through experience and that they can apply in problem solving situations. Cultural assimilation model- the model that fostered the view of American society as the   proverbial melting pot. Decentering- the   ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account. Enrichment- an approach   through which students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special   programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a   given topic. Intelligence quotient (or IQ score)- a measure of intelligence that takes Into account a student’s mental and chronological age. Mental retardation (intellectual   disability)- a significantly subaverage level of intellectual   functioning that occurs with related limitations in 2 or more skill areas. Metalinguistic awareness- an understanding of one’s own use of language. Industry VS Inferiority stage- the period from age 6 to 12   characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the   challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of   the modern world. Status- the evaluation   of a role or person by other relevant members of a group or society. Encoding- initial recording of information Storage- information saved for further use Retrieval- recovery of stored information Autominazation- is degree to which an activity requires attention   Neuron-basic cells of the nervous system Dendrites- at one end, using a cluster of fibers can communicate Neurotransmitters- chemical messengers Synapses- neurotransmitters travel across these small gaps| neurotransmitter Communication with other neurons- Reflex that disappears after six months is startle self-awareness An 18 month old who stares in the mirror- Erikson argued that each of his 8 stages represent crisis CHROMOSOME The rod shaped parts of DNA that come in 23 pair Habituation Newborns shows interest in a toy for a short period of time the get bored Which one is manipulated and measured? Independent and dependent Which Erikson stage at 18 months- autonomy vs shame and doubt Stranger anxiety- around or after 6 months, peaks at 14 months, less anxiety with woman and/with children Social referencing- fairly sophisticated social ability using social cues like facial expression and the meaning of those social cues in the context of a specific situation Cephalocaudal principle- growth follows the pattern that begins with head and upper body and proceeds down Eyesight is not measured on APGAR scale Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration Brain damaged- cerebral cortex Automization- degree to which activity requires attention Critical period specific time during development when a particular event has it greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is need for development to proceed normally 0besity body weight more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and heightConservation is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objectsEgocentric Thought has two forms lack of awareness that others see things from a different physical perspective (behavior acts as a trigger to others reactions and responses) failure to realize that others may hold thoughts, feelings and points of view that differ from theirsFast Mapping new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter (this is a wog there are 2 ______ children know the rules about plurals) by age 6, the average child has a vocabulary of around 14,000 words vocabulary acquired at a rate of one new word every 2 hours, 24 hou rs a day  Pre-Operational Stage according to Piaget, the stage from approximately age 2 to 7 in which children’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges and the use of concepts increases Private Speech speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves serves to try out ideas, acts as a sounding board facilitates childrens thinking and helps them control their behavior serves as an important social functionAbstract modeling the process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles. Authoritarian Parents parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law. They value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expression of disagreementAuthoritative Parents parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way. Collectivistic Orient ation a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence. Constructive Play play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something. Cooperative Play play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests. Cycle of Violence Hypothesis the theory that the abuses and neglect that children suffer predispose them to adults to abuse and neglect their own children. Empathy an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person. Functional Play play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3 year olds.. Initiative VS Guilt Stage according to Erikson, the period during which children aged 3-6 experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action. | | | | Onlooker Play action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves. Parallel Play children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other. Permissive Parents parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children.. Psychosocial Development according to Erikson, development that encompasses changes both in the understanding individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of other’s behavior. Race Dissonance the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people Resilience the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage. Self-Concept a person’s identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual. Uninvolved Parents parents who show almost no interest in their children and indifferent, rejecting behavior. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)- a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity. Learning Disabilities difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities. Stuttering substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment. Concrete Operational Stage the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic. Cultural Assimilation Model the model that fostered the view of American society as the proverbial melting pot.. Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability) a significantly subaverage level of intellectual functioning that occurs with related limitations in 2 or more skill areas. Bulimia – an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food followed by purges of food through vomiting or the use of laxatives. Secondary sex characteristics – the visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs. Secular trend – a pattern of change occurring over several generations   Formal operational period – the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly Metacognition – the knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition Identity-versus-identity-confusion-stage – the period which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves. Sex Cleavage – sex segregation in which boys interact primarily with boys and girls interact primarily with girls Coping – the effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress Defensive Coping coping that involve unconscious strategies that distort or deny the nature of a situation Hardiness – a personal characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress related illness Psychosomatic disorders – medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties. Senescence- the natural physical decline brought about by aging Post formal thought – thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms Stereotype threat – obstacles to performance that come from awareness of stereotypes held by society about academic abilities Extrinsic motivation – the motivation that drives people to obtain tangible rewards such as money and prestige Intimacy-versus-isolation-stage – according to Erikson, a period of post adolescence into the early 30’s that focuses on developing relationships with others Intrinsic motivation – motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment not the rewards work may bring Marriage gradient – the tendency for men to marry women who are slightly younger, smaller, and lower in status and women to marry men that are slightly older, larger and higher in status Social clock the culturally determined psychological time piece pro viding a sense of whether we have reached the major benchmarks of life at the appropriate time in comparison to our peers Type A behavior pattern – behavior characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility Crystallized intelligence – the accumulation of information skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem solving situations Selective optimization – the process by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas Generativity versus stagnation – according to Erikson, the stage during middle age adulthood in which people consider their contributions to family and society Life events model – the approach to personality development that is based on the timing of a particular events in an adults life rather than age per se Midlife crisis – a stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the real ization that life is finite Sandwich generation – couples who in middle adulthood must fulfill the needs of both their children and their aging parents